Ethnographics Gallery University of Kent

Turkish Village

Copyright 1965, 1994 Paul Stirling. All rights reserved.

Paul Stirling
CHAPTER TEN

RANK

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Page 233


difficult for a girl to show any interest in boys or men without immediately losing namus. Women who fail to show respect for elders, or in other non-sexual ways defy custom, might be called namussuz, but in general for a woman namus is very largely a matter of sexual modesty.

Specific accusations of dishonour or moral slackness, especially by known enemies, have little effect on a person's standing. But households, generally poor households, may become known as ritually slack, or worse, as careless of their honour, while others, sometimes also fairly poor, may conversely earn a reputation for morality, or for nobility and generous conduct. These two extremes apart, the majority of villagers are impossible to distinguish in terms of morality and honour.

The Overall Scale

It would be impossible to rank everyone in the village because it is impossible to know exactly what weight to give to the various scales or factors. The three main scales I have described are each made up of several others; there is no finite number and one could argue academically for more and more minute distinctions.

Moreover, the scales or factors influence each other in complicated ways; indeed, they are not in practice always distinguishable. The word iyi, for example, is used both for a morally good person, and for a moderately well-to-do household. Theoretically a well-off man can be wicked and a good man poor. Yet there is always an implication in village thinking that to possess the physical means to live respectably confers moral respectability, and to be squalidly poor is morally disgraceful. Theologically, a link between the two meanings is provided by the theory that God rewards the virtuous and punishes the wicked in this life; or alternatively by a much less Islamic doctrine loudly pronounced by a successful sheep breeder from Elbashï, who preached that wealth was the result of virtuous hard work and foresight, and poverty of sloth and neglect. In the context of rural Turkey I found his version of the protestant ethic unconvincing. Wealth and morality affect each other in a more practical way. On the one hand, the possessor of a commanding position can get away with minor

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