Turkish Village
Paul Stirling
Copyright 1965, 1994 Paul Stirling. All rights reserved
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INDEX
Abdallar, 62
Abdul Hamid, 4, 5
Abdullah (M), 124, 125, 240
Abla, 151, 174
Administrative System, 12- 13, 268
village links with, 286-7, 289-90
Adoption, 42, 42n, 103
Adultery, 21l-2, 262
Affines, 153, 154, 172-3
marriage with, 190
terminology, 151
woman's relation with male, 115
Age, 27, 119, 223-4
Agnates (patrilinial kin), 100, 154
agnatic ties betwen villages, 176
feuds, 251
marriage between, 201, 202-3
rights and duties of 155-7
terminology, 154
Agriculture,
importance of, 9
techniques of, 46-7, 83
Ministry of, 74
Agricultural Bank, 73,75-7,91-3,287
effects of credit, 76
services, 278-9
See also Credit Co-operative
Agricultural credit, 75
Agricultural services, 278
Agricultural work, 46-8
annual cycle, 47-8
machinery, 66, 72
Ahmet (K), 24, 154, 243, 275
Aile, 37, 153, 154
A©a, 105, 136, 151, 174, 228, 284
A©abey, 105
A©alar, 136
Akraba, 149
Akrabalik, 149, 174
Alafranca, 289
Ali (P), 124, 125)
Alißar (village), 18, 134, 140, 229
Allahin emri, 191
Allen, H. E., 2n
Almak, 185
Alphabet, 8
Amca, 151, 152
Amele, 66, 227
Amme, 151, 174
Animals, 45-6, 83
Anne, 151, 152
Annuaire Statistique, (1951), 275
Aran, S., 46, 49
Arensberg, C. M. and Kimball,
S. T., 118
Armenians, flight of, 5
Armstrong, H., 2n
Associations, voluntary, 236
Ataturk, (Mustafa) Kemal, 5, 6
Inspector General to the Turkish
Army, 6
rule of, 10
Authority, weakness of in villages,
259, 263, 264-5
Avrat, 153, 154
Ayip, 217, 231
Ayße, 198f
Boba, 151, 152
Barcanak, 153, 154, 173
Baci, 151, 174
Baldiz, 153, 154
Barnes, J. A., 214
Baslik, F., 139, 239, 252
Barth, 185
Bayar, Celal, 270
Bayram, see Kurban Bayrami, Seker Bayrami,
Beksi, (watchman), 33
tarla bekcisi, 58
Bektes, 106, 117, 170f, 175, 250
wife of, 174
Betrothed, 179-80
Boundaries, 271
Bride,
choice of, 189
position of, new, 216
See also gelin
Bride price, 179, 181, 184, 185-9
Kayseri area, in, 186
reduction for replacements, 196
sale, as, 185
secondary marriages, in, 188f
value of, 186f
Buyukler, 160, 225
Brothers, 105-7
divisions between, 107, 122
half-brothers, 106-7
sisters and, 117
Cafe in Elbasi, 70
Cahil, 229
Carpenters, 60f
Cave dwellings, 20
Census, 1955, 9
Census, village
difficulties of, 98f
Ce©iz, 181
Change, see Social Change Childlessness,
causes of, 40-1
divorce a cure for, 217f
Chip-on-the-shoulder society, 222
Class, social, 28, 221f
Clients, 257
Colson, E., 252, 253
Conscription, 269
Council of elders, 31, 262, 272f
Coup d'etat (1960), 11
Courtship, absence of, 192
Crafts, 59-62, 79
and rank, 227
Credit Co-operative, 58, 75f, 91, 92, 257
See also Agricultural Bank
Crops grown, 44
yields, 44, 85
Cultural differences, town and village, 266
Çevlik (village), 17, 229
Çirak, 36, 56f, 61, 137, 138, 176
Çiraz (village) 17, 137
Damat, 152, 172
Daughter, see Mothers, Fathers
Dayi, 151, 152, 171, 258
Debt, 91-3
collection of by headman, 257
Defence, 167-9, see also Lineage, Disputes
Delikanli, 223
Democrat Party, 281-2
abolishing taxes, 75
founding of, 10
power, in, 10, 287
price of cereals, 77
taxes and, 269
Dervish, orders outlawed, 8
villages, in, 230, 236
Develi (town), 16, 17
Disputes, 261-4
Abdullah v. Ali (Sakaltutan), 124, 125
agnatic solidarity in, 155
Elbasi, in, 260-l
elopement, over, 194
honour, involving, 23lf
inheritance, over, 257
involuntary violence, 246, 247
Kara Osman's heirs, 143f
lineage organization, and, 161, 167, 169-70
Sakaltutan, in, 250
District Officer,
disputes and, 263
knowledge of law, 272
District Officer, continued
senior to headman, 254
Divorce, 210
cases and causes, 214-20
definition and measurement, 212
Domestic cycle, 40, Chapter 7
Dönüm, 52, 83, 84
Durdu, 162, 250
Dünür, 153, 155
Dügün, 182, 184, See also Wedding
Düzen, 181, 182
Economic System, 78-82, See also
Village Economy; Household
Economy
Edib, Halide, 2
Education,
General level of, 23-4
See also Schools
Efendi, 174
Elbaßi,
credit co-operative, 75-6
factions in, 259-61
general description of, 16-24
marriages in and out, 207
reasons for choice, 3
Elders, See Council of Elders,
Leaders
Elections, General, 269, 280-2,
1920, 6
1946, 10,
1950, 10, 269, 278, 287
1961, 11
headmen and elders, of, 259, 260,271
Elmali (village), 187
Elopement, 192-4
Elti, 153, 154
Embree,J., 158
Emme, 152, 171
Emmem o©lu, 152, 154
Enißte, 153, 154, 175
Erciyas, Mount, 14, 18
Ev, 21, 35, 37, 238
Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 149, 158,
252, 264
Evlad, 153
Expenditure (household), 89f
Factions, 237, 258
Elbaßi, in, 259-61
political parties and, 281-2
Faculty of Political Science, Ankara,
Study of Form Mechanisation,66
Fallow system, 48
Family,
contained in households, 36
no village word for, 34
structure, Chapter 7
See also Household
Father,
adopted and stepsons and, 103-4
daughters and, 116
quarrels with sons, 102, 132
role in arranging marriage, 179, 184, 189
sons and, 101-103, 224
Fei, H. T., 108
Feuds, Chapter 11, 247-54
settlement of, 248
within a village, 252
Five-year plan, first, 67
Foreshortening of the outside world, 288-90
Fortes, M., ix, 158
Foster children, 42
Freedman, M., 158
Gavur, 229
Gelin, l09, 153, 154, 172
Genç, 223
Gendarmes, 12, 20, 269
Gezici baßö©retmen, 58
Gluckman, Max, 149, 253
God,
equality before, 235
marriages, in, 191
morality, 231
politics, in, 267
Government, 11-13, 266, 267-70
change and, 290;
see also State services, 278-80
Görümce, 153, 154
Grand National Assembly, 6, 280
Granquist, H., 158
Greece, exchange of population with, 5, 145
Groups, Chapter 1l, 236-7
corporate, 236
gossip and guest room, 240
Gossip groups, See Groups
Guest rooms, 22, 238-46
agnatic lineages and, 155
analysis of attenders, 240-6
cost of, 238, 240-6
groups, 237
number of, 238
politeness in, 223
rank and, 235
weddings and, 182
women in, l00f
Guvah, 153, 172
Günah, 217, 231
Haci, 229
Haci Baysam (B), 144f
Haci Ismet (T), See Ismet (T)
Haci Osman (H),
adopted son, l03f
divorces, 215
guest room, 242, 244
headman, adopted son as, 256
influence, 259
inheritance, 126f
lineage, 163
mill, 71
mother in guest room, 101
shop, 63
sisters' sons, 258
wealth, 255
Haci Ömer (D), 127, 131, 163, 241,
243, 256, 258, 259
Hala, 151, 152
Hamit (V), 141-3, 162, 242
Hane 35, 37
Harman, 50
Hasan (V), 65, 107
Hasan (B), 251
Hasanoglan (village), 37, 186
Hasim, 198f
Hat Law, 8
Hayip (B), l06, 144f, 197, 226, 239
260, 261
Hebe, 181
Hecelik, 179
Health, See Village Health
Headman,
advantages, 255f
disputes, in, 157, 262
Elbasi, in, 260
election of, 259, 260, 271f
formal duties of, 31
general position of, 12
rapid turnover of, 254
rights and duties of, 255, 262, 271
subordination to father, 103
support, 256
unpleasant position, 254
youth of, 33, 254, 255, 262
Herdsmen, 57f
Herschlag, Z. Y., 67
Hoca, 193, 229, 264
Homans, G., 221
Homicide, 252
Honour, 27f, 98, 168, 230-3
bride, of, 232
code, of, 189
feuds, in, 252, 262
husbands, of, 211, 217
women, of, 262
young girls, of, 192
Horanta, 153, 154
Horses,
economics and use of, 83
Houses, 20-2
Household, Chapter 3
agnatic core, l00
composition of, 36
economic definitions of, 35
explanation of preponderance of
simpler 39f
fission of, 39
joint without grandchildren, 40-l
number of persons per, 38-9
social group, as, 26
structure, Chapter VI, esp. 117-9
types of (simple, joint, fragmentary)
37-8
Household Economy, Chapter 5
economic organisation of household,
93-7
'firm', as 93 96
Husbands, 112
Huseyn (F), 149, 156, 241, 243
Hüsnü, 102
Ibrahim (D), 259
Iç-güvey, 43
Iddet, 210
Ihtiyar, 223
Ihtiyar heyeti, 272,
See also Council of Elders
Imam, 184, 229, 274
Immigrant households, (Elbaßi), 165
Incest, 189
Income, household sources of, 69
animals, from, 82
farming, from, 87
land, from, 85f
outgo (household), and, 84
salaries and wages, from, 87f
Industry,
establishment of, 9
five year plan for, 9, 67
Inheritance, 120-31
bride, in choice of, 191
daughters, 123-31
former tendency to equality in, l34-40
orphans', 198
settlement, attempt at, 257, 262
son and widows, 121-31
widow—, 198
Inönü, Ismet, l0, 270
International Bank Report, 9
Islam,
disestablished, 8
treachery of, 274
victory of over Greeks, 267
Ismet (T), 94, 103, 129, 165, 226,
240, 241
Istanbul Turkish, See Kinship
terminology
Istanbul University, 278
Iyi, 233
Jaeckh, E., 2n
Jail, Kayseri, 272
Judicial machine, 273,
(See also Law)
Kaba, 34, 283
Kabile, 159
Kanber, (village), 17, 229
Kanun, 270, 274
Kara Osman (Ax.), 24, 47, 72, 145f,
228, 260
Karakol, 237
Karamanlt (sheep), 77
Karpat, K. H., l0
Kayin, 153, 154
Kaymakam, 263
Kayseri, 14, 17, 272
Kaza, 11, 29
Kiz, 151, 152, 174
Kiz kaçirma, 193
Kilims, 59, 79, 80, 181
Killing, See Homicide
Kimsesiz, 174
Kinship, 27, 99, Chapter 8
household, within, Chapter 6
inter-village, 175-7
marriage, in arranging, 190
mother's close kin, 170-l
roles, 148-50, 171
spouses, of, 201, 202-3
terminology, 151-5, 171, 172f
terms, chart of, 152
women of, 173-4
Kol, 159
Komßuluk, 149, 174
Konußmak, 248
Koran, 20, 230, 231
Koranic charms, (magic), 230
teaching of, 274-5
Koßay, H. Z., 179, 185
Kölete, (village), 17, 171, 206, 229
Köy, 35, 206, 270, 283
köy katibi, 59; See also Village
köy salmasi, 32
köy sandigi, 32
köolü 283
Kurban Bayrami, 157
Kurds, 8, 252
Küs, 248, 249, 250, 251, 261
Labour, 56-9
See also Migrant labour
Land,
dispute over, 263
filching of, 144, 264
fragentation, 44-5, 140-l
freely available, 134-40, 263
holdings, 51-3
measurement, xiii, 52
recovery of, 264
sales, 49, 263
share cropping and renting, 65-6
shortage, 140-l
tenure, 48-51,
use, 44-6
LastJudgement, 231
Law, 270-4
commercial and penal, German
and Italian models, 8
marriage, and, 209-ll, 220
See also Turkish Civil Code; Judicial machine
Leaders, senior members, 31
Elbasi, in, 259-61
Sakaltutan, in, 257-9
Sakaltutan wedding feasts, 160, 224
weakness of, 264, See also Authority
Legal procedure, 274
Lerner, D., 270
Lewis, B. L., 4, 75, 275
Lineages, 27, 158-70
clustering of, 160
confined to village, 162
criterion for membership of, 161
description of, 158-60
effective, 161-2
Elbasi, details of, 165-7
exchange of women, 176
feuds between, 246-54, 259-61
fission, 169-70
names, 159
not corporate, 158
Sakaltutan of, 125-6
women, position in, 161
Literacy, 277
Arabic script, in, 229, 274f
level of, 24
Turkish, old, in, 274
Lorries, 23f, 70
Magic,
bridegrooms, against, 184, 230
Koranic spells for, 230
thieves, against, 230
Mahalle, 26
Mahmut (K), 154
Makul, Mahmut, 277 Markets, 72-4
former difficulties of, 135f
Marriage, Chapter 9
adultery, 211 -2
age at, 179
agnates role in, 157
ceremonies and customs, 178-85
cross-cousin, 176, 201, 202-3
Divine intervention in, 191
divorce, 210, 212-20
father's sister's daughter, with,
149, 201, 202-3
gifts (trousseau, etc.), 179, 180f,
185-7
law, 209-l l
normal for all, 42
numbers known to me, 214
other villages, with, 204-7
political reasons for, 19l
range of, distance,201 -7, Appendix
range of, kinship, 201
range of, social rank, 208
registration of, 274
remarriage, 195-9
sanctions, 209-ll, 216
secondary, definition of, 184f, 195-9,
stability of first marriages, 216-8
stability of secondary marriages,
218-9
uxorilocal, 43
Marriage payment, See Bride price
Masons, 60
Measurement,
area, xiii, 52
volume, xiii
weight, xiii
Medeni, medeniyet, 34, 283
Mehmet (C), 260
Melik (Z), 251
Memür, 228
Midwives, 279-80
Migrant labour, lo, 64-70, 285-6
recruiting, 65, 67
a two-way insurance, 69
and rank, 226, 227-8
Migration,
between villages, 42, 176
to town, permanent, 68f, 285, 286
of agnates, 206, 285, 286
Military attitudes, 270
Millet, 5, 5n
Mills, flour, 71, 258
Miri, 122
Misafir odasi, 22, 238
See also Guest room
Model,
land in plenty, 134-40
land shortage, 140-1
Money,
currency equivalents, xiii
former shortage, 73
Money lenders, 91
Morality, 230-3
Morrison, J. A., 18, 46, 135, 140, 229
Mosques, village, 20 and rank, 235
Mothers, close kin of, 170-l
daughters, and, l08
mother's brother, 170-1, 258
sons and, 114-5
Mother-in-law and daughter-in-law,
108, 216
Muhtar, 272
Mülk, 122
Musa (K), l09, 156, 172, 196
Musil A., 239
Mustafa Kemal, See Ataturk
Nahiye, 11f
of Elbasi, 16, 20, 29
müdürü, 11f, 58, 254
Names,
lineage, 159
surnames, modern, 159
Namus, 168, 231, 232, 233
namussuz, namuslu, 232, 233
National Income, 9
National Pact, (February 17, 1960), 6
National society, village in, Chapter 12
Nationalism, 5, 6, 267
Nikah, 184, 185, 188, 209, 220
Nißan, 180
Nuer 253f
Nureddin (K), 241, 242, 243, 244 258, 259
Occupation, 27f, 55-72, 227-8
Oda, 22, 238
See also Guest room
Office of Soil Products, 73, 77, 279
O©ul, 151, 152
Opposition Party, See Democrat Party
Order, 264-5
Orga I., 2n
Ottoman Empire, 3-7
taxation under, 74
marriage and divorce in, 210
government, 267, 268
Oxen,
price of, 63
output of, 83, 135
Ömer (C), 102, 127, 243, 258, 259
Padishah, 267
Parties, See Political Parties
Pasture, 49-50
Patron, 257
See also Leaders
People's Houses, 9
Peristiany, J., 232
Peters, E. 158, 252
Piety, 27f, 228
Pitt-Rivers, J., 232
Planhol, Xavier de, 48, 49, 66, 137
Political Parties, 236, 268, 280-2
Polygamy, 110, 195, 197-9
Population,
villages, three quarters in, 9
Power, Chapter 11
bride, in choosing, 191
rank as prestige and, 221
urban classes, of, 266
wealth, through, 257, 259
Presidency of Religious Affairs, 229
Prestige, 167-9, 191, Chapter 10
marriage and, 208
rank as power and, 221
Pressures, 290,
See also Sanctions
Public Works, 278
Quarrels, See, Disputes, Fathers,
Lineages
Quarters, village, 26, 237
Ramazan, 103, 157
Rank, social, 133-41, Chapter 10
definition, 221
mobility, 28, 208
overall scale, 233-5
position in household and lineage, 224f range of marriage, 208
religious, 228-30
social position, role, 22
states, 221 three scales, 222-3
urban and rural systems, 283-5
wealth, 225
Reforms, 7-11
Refugees, (in Elbasl), 23
marriage of, 206
See also Households
Religion,
knowledge of, 277
learning, 27f, 228-30
opposition of, organised, 7
rank and, 229, 230
Renting of Land, 56
Republic, Turkish, 7-11, 268, 271 education, 274
tax collection, 75
Republican People's Party, 268-9, 280-3 belief in liberty and law, 10
defeated, l0
founding, 7, 8, 9
Retail trade, 62-4, 79
rank and, 227
Robinson, R. D., 9, 75, 270, 271
Sakaltutan , Agricultural Bank Credit Cooperative, 76
general description of, 16-24
leaders in, 257-9
lineages of, 162-4
lorries through, 70
marriages, 205
reasons for choice, 3
Salim, M. S., 228, 239, 261
Sanctions, 149, 264-5, 290
marriage, in, 209-11, 212, 216-20
Satmak, 185
Sayyid, 223
Schapera, I., ix, 170n
Schools, 20, 24, 58, 274-7
See also Teachers
Sedir, 22, 238
Sefer, 198f
Services, 56-9
Sevap, 231
Sex, 27
girls' knowledge of, 192
honour and, 232
taboo on discussing, 99
Sexes
relations between, 112, 118, 150
Sexual relations, extra-and premarital,
112, 192-4, 211-2
Share-cropping, 54-6
Shops, 62f, 70
See also Retail Trade
Sihhat memürü, 20
See also Village Health Officer
Sisters, 108
brothers and, 117
Skill, See Occupation, Craft
Smiths, 60
Snow, 23f
Social Anthropology, study of literate societies and, 2-3
Social Changes, 82, 97, 290-3
Social Classes, 221f, 284
Social Position, usage of, 221
Social Structure, summary of, 26
Sons,
importance of, 41, 114, 217
See also Childlessness; Father; Mother
Spelling of Turkish words, xii
Srinivas, M. N., 133, 158
State, the,
economy, in the, 74-8
village order, in, 263, Chapter 12
See also Government
Status, usage of, 221
Stirling, A. P., 222
Stratification, See Social Classes
Succession, 120, 139
Suleymanli (village), 74
Swiss Civil Code, 8, 272
Seker Bayrami, 103, 157
Seriat (Islamic Law), 104
divorce, 212
inheritance, 120-2, 123n
marriage, 209-11
ministry of, abolition of, 7
orphans, 199
Sevket, 198
Seyk,seyklik, 223, 230
Soför, 61
Sübe, 159
Sükrü, 129-30
Talas, 16
American Mission at, x, 16
gendarmes at, 269
Tandir, 21, 102, 238
Tapu, 50
memürü, 143
Tarla bekcisi, 58
Taxation, 269-70
Democrat Party,
reduced by, 11, 75
farming, 135
land and tax receipts, 51
Ottoman Empire, under, 74
Republic, under, 75
Teachers,
numbers of, 275
village, 275-8
Teyze, 151
Timur, R. H., 274
Tomarza, (village), 16, 170
Tonga, 254
Toprak Mahsulleri Ofisi, 73, 77
Town,
knowledge of urban world, 288-90
public works, over, 278
rural divorce, 266-7
urban and rural social rank, 283-5
urban contacts with, 27f, Chapter 12, 267 villages and townsmens (relationships),
285-8
See also Administration
Traders, itinerant, 62, 63, 227f
Trading in town, 64
Trousseau, See Marriage gifts
Tswana, 170n
Turkan, M., 228
Turkey, Chapter 1
census, 9
five-year plan, first, 67
geography, 14
government of, 11-13
population in villages, 9
pre-1960 constitution, 10
reforms, 1-2
respect for democracy, 10
seeing as a soldier, 270
See also State; Nationalism
Turkish Civil Code,
adoption, 42, 104
inheritance, 120-3l, 123n
land tenure, 48, 273
marriage, 209f, 220
Swiss, adopted from, 8, 272
Türbeh, 22
Typicality (of villages studied), 25
Union of Youth (Elbasi), 236f
Urban, See also Town
Usta, 66, 227
Vaksi, 34
Vali of Kayseri, x, 11f
Vengeance, 249,
See also Feud
Vermek, 185
Vesey-Fitzgerald, S., 104, 123n, 212
Veterinary services, 77, 278-9
Vilayets (Provinces)
organisation and number of, 11, 29
Village, Chapter 3, Chapter 12
coherence, weakening of, 265
funds, 32, 273
inter-village kinship, 175-7
inter-village relations, (other villages), 34-5 isolated settlements, 26
organisation, 30-4
political system,weakening of, 263
social group, as, 26, 29
solidarity, 29-30
stability of population, 30
territory, 29f, 134, 271
Village conservatism, 291-3
Village Economy, Chapter 4
enterprises, 70-2, 82
exports, 80
imports, 79f
inter-village trade, 80
self sufficiency, 78-9
subordinate to towns, 80
See also Economy; Village
Village Institute, 24, 275-8
Village Health Officer, 20, 279-80
services, 278, 279-80
Village Law, 19, 24, 135, 262, 271
Village Tax, (köy sandigi), 32
assessment classes, 32, 53
Villagers and townsmen, 283-8
See also Town
Violence, 246-7
criminal cases, 272
decline of, 264
Elbasi, in, 260-l
intervention to prevent, 248, 250
Wages, annual income from, 84
lump sums, seen as, 96
migrants, of, 65f
village, in, 51f
War,
First World, 6
Independence (v. Greece), 7, 268, 270
Second World, 7
Wealth, 27f
cycle of, 133-4, 146
leadership and, 257f
morality and, 233, 264
scale of (rank), 225
Weaving, 59
Weddings, agnates rule of, 157, 178, 181-5
Westernisation, 3-4
Ottoman Empire, of, 3-6
Turkey, of, 7, 7-10
Widowers, 41, I95f, 218
Widows, 41, 111, 196f, 219
widow inheritance, 198
Wives,
brothers', 1 l l
co-wives, 110-l l
husbands and, 112
See also Marriage; Household
Women,
gregariousness, 173
kinship of, 173
knowledge of world among, 280
male affines, relations with, 115f
natal home, relations with, 175
relations among, 107-17
See also Honour, Disputes
Yahya (V), 149, 157, 241
Yakmak, 238
Yakup, 128, 241
Yasa, I., 37, 49, 78, 179, 181, 187
Yenge, 153, 182-5
Yigen, 151, 153
Yusuf (AX), 260, 261
Zeynel (G), 242, 243f, 256
Ziya, (S), 74, 163, 241, 242
Zübeyr, (F),132, 156f
Contents